Which of the following screenings is NOT typically included in USPSTF cardiovascular risk assessments?

• A. Lipid disorders screening
• B. Hypertension screening
• C. Diabetes screening
• D. Vitamin D level screening

Answer: (D)

Screening for cardiovascular risk focuses on factors with proven impact on heart disease and clear benefit when identified in asymptomatic adults. Lipid disorders screening detects high cholesterol that drives atherosclerosis, and hypertension screening identifies elevated blood pressure, a major modifiable risk factor. Diabetes screening helps uncover glucose intolerance or diabetes, which increases cardiovascular risk and guides management to reduce events. Vitamin D level screening, however, is not part of standard USPSTF cardiovascular risk assessment because evidence does not show that screening asymptomatic individuals for vitamin D reduces cardiovascular events or improves outcomes. Therefore, vitamin D testing is not routinely included in CVD risk assessments, while the other three screenings are.